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Some may sometimes confuse the role played by the psychiatrist and the therapist or the psychiatrist, as both of them may participate in treating the patient, but the role of each differs from the other. The psychiatrist has a comprehensive and adequate knowledge of all mental and psychological diseases that a person may be exposed to, and he is also aware of the details of the anatomy and physiology of the brain and can prescribe various medications and knows their side effects and follow up with the patient As for the psychiatrist, he is not a doctor and cannot prescribe medication. Rather, he studies the psychological and social rehabilitation that helps patients with various mental disorders in overcoming their symptoms and coexisting with them, in addition to the pharmacological treatment prescribed by the doctor.
Psychotherapy Psychotherapy through psychological support sessions, either individually or in a group, and may be done with the help of a psychotherapist and the family as well drug therapy The doctor prescribes pharmacological treatment according to the psychological disorder that the patient suffers from, and the most famous psychiatric drugs are: medications for depression, anti-anxiety, antipsychotics, mood-enhancing drugs and some types of stimulants
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and other related disorders Anxiety disorders, including panic attacks, fear and social anxiety disorder Appetite disorder, including anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and bulimia Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression Identity disorder includes narcissistic personality disorder and paranoid personality disorder schizophrenia Some types of learning difficulties such as dyslexia or doing arithmetic operations
Customized questionnaires for each disease Questionnaires for each disorder are one of the most important diagnostic tools in psychiatry. The questionnaire contains several precise and specific questions regarding the symptoms and severity of the disease in detail. By answering these questions, the doctor assesses the degree of injury. Among the disorders for which questionnaires are used as a primary assessment method are anxiety, depression, mood and eating disorders, and psychosis brain rays In some cases, brain scans are performed to rule out the presence of brain tumors or bleeding, which may be related to the patient's complaint, such as CT scan and MRI. EEG The brain emits electrical vibrations of a specific physiological nature and is controlled by many chemicals and hormones, and computer electroencephalography is used to image and study these vibrations and succeed in diagnosing diseases such as epilepsy, blockage of small blood vessels in the brain, or some brain injuries complete blood analysis Complete blood analysis, including kidney and liver functions, the level of various minerals in the blood, and an examination of the proportions of some medications or drugs that the patient took Analysis of some viruses Tests to detect viruses such as hepatitis or syphilis for their ability to affect brain functions
Dwarfism in children is a well-known developmental disorder in the field of pediatrics, and it is a pathological condition that affects the child as a result of an imbalance in some genes or other medical disorders, and dwarfism may occur in two forms, either consistent or inconsistent
Consistent dwarfism and its symptoms Baby's growth is slower than normal The child appears shorter in height than normal for his age Delayed puberty and sexual development in adolescence Asymmetric dwarfism Short arms or lower extremities with a normal torso, resulting in inconsistent body proportions The fingers are short and there is a large distance between them Disorder of elbow joint range of motion The size of the head is not proportional to the size of the body Large forehead Deformation in the shape of the nose, such as flatness of the nasal bone Curvature of the leg bones that worsens with growth An imbalance in the movement of the trunk and back, and we find that it develops for the worse with the growth of the body
achondroplasia or achondroplasia syndrome Big head and a wide forehead The bones of the lower jaw are prominent Irregular shape of the teeth in the jaw curvature of the spine Flat feet and deformities bow legs Turner Syndrome Turner syndrome affects girls only as a result of an abnormality in the X chromosome , and the patient suffers from a disorder in body development as well as an imbalance in sexual and mental development
Early diagnosis helps to know the cause of dwarfism and the disorders that may accompany it and directs the doctor to take the appropriate treatment decision according to the cause of dwarfism. Stunting as a result of growth hormone deficiency is a type of dwarfism that responds to hormone therapy, especially with early diagnosis, and most cases may reach normal growth rates In cases of dwarfism as a result of genetic disorders, early intervention and the development of an appropriate rehabilitation program helps the patient deal with most symptoms, avoid complications and significantly improve life efficiency.
Allergy is a physiological process aimed at protecting the body, and the immune system plays a key role in this process, as it creates antibodies to attack the foreign object to which the body has been exposed in order to protect it. As a result of this attack, inflammation occurs, accompanied by several symptoms that indicate an allergy
Food allergy affects more than 5% of children before the age of 6 years, and the following foods cause more than 90% of food allergy cases : milk Wheat eggs fish Peanuts soy oysters
Itching and rash vomiting Frequent diarrhea or constipation Swelling in the body, especially the tongue, lips, or face Bloating and cramps in the stomach and colon Breathing difficulty Chronic cough Cold and sore throat Reduction of Blood pressure
A complete and detailed medical history of all symptoms associated with different foods or drinks complete blood tests Laparoscopy or colonoscopy Skin allergy testing using a specific patch that contains allergens to confirm the diagnosis stool analysis Banning allergenic foods for a certain period of time and gradually reintroducing them into meals may help the body accept them and relieve allergy symptoms in the future
There is no specific treatment that prevents food allergies in children, but modern medicine recommendations are early detection of allergies, reaching the type of food that causes them, and avoiding eating them to prevent allergies. If the child is diagnosed during the breastfeeding stage, the mother should avoid eating foods that provoke the child’s allergy because they may be transmitted to him through breastfeeding During the appearance of symptoms on the child, the symptoms of allergy are dealt with, the use of some antihistamine drugs, and its dose is adjusted according to the age and weight of the child. The doctor discusses with the mother the food that causes allergies and indicates the need to replace it with other types that do not provoke the child’s immune system
Continuous contractions cause the baby to sleep and cry constantly Presence of blood droplets in stool Poor growth of the child at a normal rate
One of the most important symptoms of chickenpox in a child is : Fatigue and constant crying that may last up to two days before the rash appears The appearance of a rash with a pattern and characteristics characteristic of chicken pox as follows The rash begins with pink granules that are very itchy These granules enlarge and become vesicles filled with fluid The vesicles spread in a certain pattern, starting in the back and abdomen area, and then moving to the extremities It may also appear in the mouth, tongue and lips, causing pain while eating or drinking fever Poor appetite and appetite for food pain in the joints Cough and cold
When a child is exposed to the virus, symptoms do not appear immediately, but take a period of 10 to 21 days, then symptoms begin to appear and grains form and spread in the body and then dry up after 5 days. The infected person becomes contagious from one to two days before the appearance of the rash until it becomes dry Statistics indicated that 90% of infected children transmit the infection to all members of their family, especially those who are not immunized, so the infected child must stay at home and not mix with children, the elderly, or those with weak immunity.
The treatment protocol depends on several factors evaluated by the doctor, such as: The age and weight of the affected child The child's medical history and general health Severity of infection and symptoms The extent of the child's tolerance of different medications and his body's acceptance of them is one of the medicines used in the treatment of chickenpox in most cases of infected children Antipyretic like Panadol and never give aspirin in viral infections in children some types of antibiotics; It is not used to treat the virus, but rather treats the bacterial infection that may accompany it Clamine is a moisturizing body lotion to reduce the feeling of itching Rest and drink plenty of fluids Antiviral drugs in deteriorating cases
The risk of serious complications from the herpes virus that causes chickenpox increases in the following cases: Months old babies All age groups with weak immune systems pregnant women Elderly The severity of complications varies from patient to patient, and the most important of these complications are : acute pneumonia severe bacterial infection Inflammation of the meningeal membranes of the brain Reye syndrome , which is a group of serious symptoms that affect several parts of the body Inflammation of the nerves and spinal cord High death rates
Usually and in most cases, the immune system creates antibodies that prevent chickenpox from occurring again, but in some rare cases, the virus may remain dormant in the nervous tissue and become active again, causing infection after a long period and with exposure to weak immunity, and there are many blood analyzes that prove that it is Strong immunity against recurrence of the virus
During the first year, the child begins to make sounds such as: Dada, Papa, Mama : From one year to one and a half years old Knows and pronounces the names of things He distinguishes the people around him He repeats the words like his mother and understands the questions and answers them : From one and a half to two years old The child's language output increases significantly be a two-word sentence : From the age of two years and over Distinguish different colors and shapes Expressed in sentences of three or more words Lists related sentences
After knowing the normal rate of speech development in a child, it becomes easy to know when a child is considered a delay in speech The child is a year old and does not make any sounds The child is a year and a half old and prefers to communicate with voices like dada and baba meaningless Delayed speech in children at the age of two years and still does not say the names of things around him and does not answer questions or carry out any instructions directed to him Studies have shown that more than 60% of children who suffer from delayed speech begin to improve their condition when they reach the age of 3 years, but if the child reaches the age of 3 years and still cannot pronounce the names of things or form sentences of at least two words, he is considered late in speech
The child is presented to the speech-language pathologist, which is a subspecialty of the ear, nose and throat, and begins with a comprehensive evaluation of the child's condition to find out and diagnose the cause of delayed speech through the following : Complete medical history of the child Assessment of his rate of development and acquisition of different skills according to age A satisfactory family history, as there is a role of genetics in delayed speech in children
The role of the family in treatment The family has a large and important role in the treatment plan determined by the speech pathologist, such as Create an environment for the child that stimulates speech and the use of interactive games Encourage the child to pronounce words and talk to him constantly Reducing the hours of watching TV Do not abuse the child and expose him to psychological pressure The role of the doctor in the treatment of delayed speech in children Regular rehabilitation sessions with a speech therapist Psychological and therapeutic rehabilitation with a psychiatrist if the reason for the delay in speech is a mental illness or autism spectrum disorder Herbal treatment for delayed speech in children Many promote the benefits of herbs in treating many diseases, and some may resort to searching for ways to treat delayed speech in children with herbs. However, there is not enough scientific evidence to prove the effectiveness of herbs in treating delayed speech in children It may even lead to a delay in the child’s condition if the mother resorts to it as a treatment and neglects the correct scientific methods of treatment. There are some herbs that are used, such as: Brahmi oil, a mixture of almonds, honey, black pepper, ginger, but there is no scientific research to prove its efficiency. On the other hand, scientific research tends to emphasize the importance of food quality in treating delayed speech in children, and the following is recommended : Eat natural nutrients such as vegetables, fruits, and foods rich in omega-3 and vitamin E Reducing the intake of processed and saturated fat foods Reducing artificial sugars and soft drinks
Acute inflammation of the sinuses that usually occurs with the common cold and may last for a period of time One to four weeks Chronic sinusitis in which symptoms last twelve weeks or more Recurrent inflammation, which occurs periodically
Sinusitis is a common disease that occurs in all countries of the world and between different ages Infection rates in the following cases : Severe swelling in the nose after infection with the seasonal cold virus People with septal deviation have an increased risk of sinus infections Having many adenoids without treatment Immunodeficiency states or taking immunosuppressive drugs In general, the incidence of rhinitis and sinus obstruction among children increases as a result of the causes : the following The wrong position of the child during breastfeeding causes milk to reflux into the nose, causing infections that may reach To inflammation and blockage of the sinuses Exposure to smoke and dust A child's sensitivity to many different foods or smells Children's weak immunity causes it to be easier to catch infection from others
Sinus infections are a serious disease and most cases respond to drug therapy or are cured Surgical endoscopy, but neglecting treatment may lead to many serious complications, especially with the elderly : Diabetics and immunocompromised patients. Examples of such complications are meningitis . meningitis brain abscess Severe inflammation of the bones of the skull
Facial pain, especially around the nose and eyes body's temperature raising bad breath Runny nose or thick yellow or green discharge loss of sense of smell Nasal and throat congestion and difficulty swallowing Fatigue and pain in the teeth and jaw
The most important characteristic of chronic inflammation is the persistence of symptoms for weeks, up to twelve weeks and more, and from : those symptoms Feeling pain in the face, pressure and heaviness around the eyes and nose stuffy nose have pus in the nose continuous leaching headache
Pharmacological treatment of sinuses are prescribed to treat minor sinus infections, such as: Sprays or decongestants for three days only Antibiotics for at least 7 days are successful in treating most cases of infection, especially acute Warm compresses around the eyes and nose, especially with chronic inflammation Regular use of a nasal rinse helps to get rid of thick secretions Antihistamines and corticosteroids in the treatment of allergies are prescribed in specific doses according to Age and severity of symptoms Antifungal medicines if a fungal infection is causing the infection sinus endoscopy The doctor resorts to surgical intervention using medical endoscopes in the treatment of some cases of sinusitis Chronic or worsening conditions that do not respond to medications and threaten to develop complications Laparoscopic surgeries are characterized by high success rates and succeed in treating many causes and removing growths or tissue Swollen and restore the sense of smell and get rid of the rest of the symptoms
The child's sense of hearing is complete while he is a fetus, so there are indications of the child's response to different sounds from He is only 3 months old. One of the early symptoms of hearing loss in children, which can be observed from the age of 3 : up to 6 months The child does not look in the direction of the sound He does not shake or cry with loud annoying noises Delayed making sounds like dada, baba, tata In cases of otitis media, the symptoms are as follows Constant crying while pulling at the ear Frequent rise in body temperature Watching TV too loudly Not paying attention to the orders given to him lack of focus Not responding to low noises
ear pressure gauge ABR computerized audiogram Ordinary audiometry test
Hearing loss in children due to otitis media Presentation to an ear, nose and throat doctor Treating infections with medications or installing ventilation channels in the eardrum Regular follow-up of the child's response to treatment with an audiologist and equilibrium physician If infections cause moderate to severe hearing loss, the child may need a stethoscope by ear sensorineural hearing impairment Use of a hearing aid medical cochlear implant
, nose and throat doctor ear diseases Otitis media and its filling with fluid and pus. This condition is common among children, especially infants, and you need to follow up with an ear and nose specialist, not just a pediatrician. One of the complications of this case is adhesions in the middle ear as a result of repeated infections, which may affect the patient’s hearing impairment Stiffness of the stirrup bone, and it is one of the most common causes of hearing loss in adults, especially women, in which stiffness occurs with disruption of the normal movement of the stirrup bone, which is one of the three bones inside the middle ear that conducts sound from outside to the auditory nerve, and surgical intervention is the optimal treatment in some cases. Vertigo and unbalance Ear infections due to bacterial, viral, or fungal infections Tinnitus treatment Eustachian tube dysfunction eardrum perforation ear bone decay nose diseases Sinus infections as a result of infection or allergy and the accompanying chronic cold, and these cases are frequent among children Nose injuries and various wounds adenoids; Some of them may respond to treatment, while others require surgical intervention to eradicate them nasal tumors olfactory disorders Stuffy nose and difficulty breathing Oral and Throat Diseases Adenoids, an appendix in the nose that causes obstruction with difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath, and it spreads in children, and some of them need surgical removal Tonsillitis also may require surgical intervention in cases that suffer from chronic inflammation and do not respond to treatment Inflammation of the vocal cords and changes in the tone of the voice Infections and infections of the upper part of the respiratory tract, which includes the mouth, pharynx and larynx up to the upper part of the trachea Sleep Breathing Disorders swallowing problems Head and neck diseases Tumors affecting the mouth, salivary glands, vocal cords, larynx, nose and paranasal sinuses Thyroid and parathyroid diseases and their tumors Infections of the nerves of the face and head, such as the seventh, eighth and fifth nerves, and the accompanying disturbances in the functions of the senses and loss of facial sensation, which may lead to paralysis of some areas.
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy Treatment of deviated nasal septum Nose and ear plastic surgeries Facial and eye plastic surgery after injuries or accidents affecting the face Treatment of chronic middle ear infections and placement of very small ventilation channels in the eardrum Laryngoscopes for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the larynx and vocal cords, taking tissue samples for examination sinus endoscopy Ear bone decay surgery Neck surgeries as a result of various tumors and their excision
The symptoms worsen as the pressure on the median nerve increases Burning sensation, pain and numbness in the palm of the hand above the thumb and the rest of the fingers except for the ring finger Poor grip of the hand muscles, which appears when trying to lift objects or make precise movements such as sewing or writing Feeling of numbness extending to the arm Symptoms take a distinctive pattern, starting in the early morning with tingling and numbness in the fingers of the hand, then the numbness increases with daily activity, and the pain and numbness may extend to the arm and shoulder In the early stages of the disease, moving the wrist movement may help relieve symptoms, but with the development and increase of pressure on the median nerve, this does not succeed in relieving the pressure on it, and pressure on the nerve causes the following : Inflammation and swelling of the nervous tissue Slow down the speed of nerve impulses to the skin and muscles Impaired muscle coordination to perform complex movements Weakness of sensation from sensory receptors in the skin
Doing a constant and repetitive manual activity such as writing on the computer or other movements that depend on the movement of the wrist joint a lot Rheumatoid injury obesity Thyroid dysfunction pregnancy Diabetes
X-ray, X-ray, or MRI of the wrist joint Computerized muscle drawing, in which the strength of the muscle, the nerve signals that reach it, and the extent of the muscle response to it are evaluated Neuroimaging, which assesses the efficiency of nerves and nerve conduction to the skin and muscles
Change your daily lifestyle Reducing work hours that require stress on the wrist joint and taking regular breaks exercise The doctor recommends practicing several exercises designed to remove pressure on the median nerve and relieve symptoms of inflammation, and this may require a consultation with a physiotherapist Knuckle fixation This is done by wearing a certain compression strap around the wrist to stabilize it and reduce its movement, which helps in raising the pressure on the nerve, thus reducing the feeling of numbness and numbness pharmaceutical Taking some analgesic, anti-inflammatories, and swelling medications help relieve symptoms of inflammation, and the doctor may prescribe corticosteroids for certain periods in some cases. surgical intervention With the failure of all previous treatment steps to treat the symptoms of the disease, the doctor resorts to surgical intervention and expansion of the carpal tunnel through which the median nerve passes.
Keep the wrist joint straight most of the time and avoid twisting Using a compression bandage to stabilize the joint during long periods of work Avoid bending or stretching the wrist forcefully Sitting in a correct position while working and keeping the arms properly positioned Take breaks between long working hours
In fact, the knee joint consists of two cruciate ligaments; Anterior and posterior, and was so named because of its X-shaped anatomical shape: The anterior cruciate ligament is located in the front of the knee joint, firmly fixing the bones and preventing the patella from slipping during movement. The posterior cruciate ligament is located at the back of the joint to support and stabilize the bones that make up the joint
When a person moves the knee joint in a sudden and violent manner in a certain direction, this may cause a rupture of the cruciate ligament, and the rupture takes 3 degrees that vary in severity and thus symptoms and depends on the method of treatment
First-degree rupture In which the cruciate ligament is stretched as a result of the wrong movement, but without a rupture of it, and it remains fixed in its place, performing its function in supporting and stabilizing the joint. Second degree tear Rarely, it is also known as a partial rupture, where the cruciate ligament is partially torn but not complete Third degree tear In this degree, the cruciate ligament ruptures completely and is divided into two parts, and here we find the knee joint is unstable, and this type is the most common type of cruciate ligament rupture.
Knee injuries, especially anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, are common among athletes, but this does not mean that they do not occur with ordinary people. Statistics have shown that women who engage in sports are more susceptible to injury than men, due to the following reasons : Anatomical differences between men and women Men are physiologically superior to women in muscle and bone strength The degree of nerve control also differs between men and women , the anterior cruciate ligament rupture occurs for one of the following reasons: Stopping suddenly while walking or running Changing the direction of movement in a sudden and violent way Jumping from a wrong height and descending Injuries while playing football
Feeling pain in the knee Swelling in the knee joint during the first 24 hours after the injury Joint instability and difficulty performing normal joint movements Discomfort while walking
After viewing the orthopedic specialist, the doctor will perform the following for the diagnosis : The history of the injury and an accurate description of it Examination of the knee joint in the clinic and assessment of the extent of pain while moving the joint in different directions of movement X-ray of the knee, especially if there is a bone fracture associated with the injury MRI of the knee, which is the best way to accurately image the tissue and determine the extent of damage to it and the degree of tearing
Home therapy and rehabilitation The doctor follows this treatment protocol with elderly patients, and in the event of a minor tear that does not affect the stability of the joint significantly, here the doctor recommends using a medical strap around the knee during movement to stabilize it, and also doing physical therapy sessions to strengthen the muscles supporting the joint surgical intervention The doctor resorts to surgery in cases of complete rupture, and the surgery is performed using orthopedic endoscopes, and because it is not possible to The torn cruciate ligament is sutured and backed by a doctor using a graft of other tissue from the body
The knee joint is the largest joint in the human body, and in fact it consists of two joints; A joint as a result of the meeting of the femur and tibia bones and a joint between the femur and the patella bone, and the bony ends are covered with membranes and cartilage that prevent friction between the bones This is in addition to a number of ligaments that stabilize the bones and control the rate of movement of the joint in different directions, and these ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament and the internal and external collateral ligament The knee joint also contains cartilage consisting of a viscous fluid called synovial fluid and works to reduce friction between the bones during movement and ensures its flexibility and painless performance.
The American Orthopedic Association recommends knee replacement surgery in cases that suffer from violent wear in the joint to restore full joint function and treat the associated pain, and these surgeries have proven high success rates, especially when the surgeon chooses the optimal artificial joint for the patient The artificial knee joint is designed from many materials that are suitable for all cases and different age groups. During the selection, the surgeon relies on the following : Patient's age and weight The general health of the patient The level of daily activity that the patient normally does
Chronic knee inflammation leads to the erosion of the cartilage in the joint, which causes continuous pain during movement, and the most common causes of knee inflammation are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid disease. In the early stages of inflammation, the doctor prescribes many medications such as : anti-inflammatories Pain medications Physiotherapy sessions Cortisone injection into the knee joint The doctor also recommends reducing motor activity and losing excess weight in order to relieve pressure on the joint Vasodilator drugs
bacterial infection heavy bleeding blood clots Weakness or movement of the new artificial joint Bone fracture Continuing to feel pain and discomfort during movement after the operation Injury to the blood vessels or nerves surrounding the knee, which may lead to complications in the leg after the operation Infection of the wound and the occurrence of redness or swelling in it, and then you must go to the doctor immediately Complications as a result of poor general condition of the patient or suffering from other diseases such as blood pressure or diabetes

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